Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1861
Published: 1323, [=1944]
1862
Published: 1992/93, [1371]
Superior document: Rūznāma-i ẖāṭirāt-i Nāṣir-ad-Dīn Šāh dar safar-i siwwum-i Farangistān Kitāb-i 2.
1863
Published: anfangs;, 1951-
1864
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 10
1865
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 2
1866
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 13
1867
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 3
1868
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 7
1869
Published: 1384/2005
Superior document: Tārīḫ-i Īrān wa ǧahān 21
1870
Published: 1381, [=2002]
1871
Published: [2019]
1872
Published: 2005.
Superior document: Studies in Islamic Law and Society ; 22
1873
Published: 1368h.š, [1989]
Publisher: دنیای کتاب / Dunyā-i Kitāb
Superior document: Šiʿr al-ʿaǧam yā tārīḫ-i šuʿarā wa adabīyāt-i Īrān Ǧild 3-5
1874
Published: [2021]
Superior document: Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Series ; Volume 21
1875
Other Authors:
“...Ḥamīd-ad-Dīn, ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Muḥammad 1969-...”
1876
Published: 1975
Superior document: Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 41,4
1877
Superior document: E. J. W. Gibb memorial series 16
1878
Published: 2019.
1879
Published: 1992
Superior document: Tell Basta 1
1880
Published: 1383, [1963]
Publisher: المؤسسة المصرية العامة / al-Muʾassasa l-Miṣrīya l-ʿĀmma
Superior document: Ṣubḥ al-aʿšā fī ṣināʿat al-inšā al-Ǧuz' 12