Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1621
Published: 2020.
1622
Published: [2021]
1623
Published: 1920
Superior document: E. J. W. Gibb memorial series 11
1624
Published: [2019]
1625
Published: 1342, [1963]
Superior document: Burhān-i qāṭiʿ Ǧild-i 2
1626
Other Authors:
“...Akram, Muhammad,...”
1627
Other Authors:
“...Imran, Muhammad,...”
1628
Other Authors:
“...Ranǧbar, Muḥammad-ʿAlī 1962-...”
1629
Published: 1363, [h.š.]/[1984]
Publisher: نشر طلوع / Našr-i Ṭulūʿ
1630
Published: 1364, [=1985]
1631
Published: [2000]
Superior document: Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia ; 69
1632
Published: 1336, [=1957]
Superior document: Ẓafarnāma tārīḫ-i ʿumūmī-i mufaṣṣal-i Īrān dar daura-i Taimūrīyān : az rū-i nusḫaʾī ki dar ʿaṣr-i muṣannif niwišta šuda Ǧild 2
1633
Published: 1912
Superior document: Kitāb-i Tārīḫ-i ǧahāngušāʾī = The Ta'ríkh-i-Jahán-gusha Ǧild 1
1634
Published: 1377/1999
Publisher: مرکز تحقیقات فارسی ایران و پاکستان / Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-i Īrān wa Pākistān
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī-i Īrān wa Pākistān 163
1635
Published: 1375, h.š., [1996]
Publisher: نشر دنیای نو / Našr-i Dunyā-i Nau
Superior document: Zindagī-i Bithūwin [3]
Links: Inhaltsverzeichnis
1636
Published: 1375, h.š., [1996]
Publisher: نشر دنیای نو / Našr-i Dunyā-i Nau
Superior document: Zindagī-i Bithūwin [4]
Links: Inhaltsverzeichnis
1637
Published: 1375, h.š., [1996]
Publisher: نشر دنیای نو / Našr-i Dunyā-i Nau
Superior document: Zindagī-i Bithūwin [1]
Links: Inhaltsverzeichnis
1638
Published: [13]75, h.š., [1996]
Publisher: نشر دنیای نو / Našr-i Dunyā-i Nau
Superior document: Zindagī-i Bithūwin [2]
Links: Inhaltsverzeichnis
1639
1640
Published: 1372h.š, [1993/1994]-
Publisher: نشر دنیای نو / Našr-i Dunyā-i Nau