Muhammad
Muhammad (; "praiseworthy"; 570 – 8 June 632 CE), gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the Muslim conquest of Palestine.}} was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam., writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind."}} According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis for Islamic religious belief.Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1341
Published: 1951/52, [1330]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 42
1342
Published: 1982/83, [1361]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 23
1343
Published: 1951/52, [1330]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 18
1344
Published: [2019]
1345
Published: 1956/57, [1335]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 41
1346
Published: 1963/64, [1342]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 35
1347
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 46
1348
Published: 1337, [=1958]
Superior document: Kitāb-i Tārīḫ-i Ǧahānkušāʾī az rūy-i nusḫa-i muṣaḥḥaḥa-i marḥūm ʿAllāma Qazwīnī ṭabʿ-i Laidin Ǧild 3
1349
Other Authors:
“...Turkamān, Muḥammad...”
1350
Published: 1958/59, [1337]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 16
1351
Published: 1961/62, [1340]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 22
1352
Published: 1962/63, [1341]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 37
1353
Published: 1958/59, [1337]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 17
1354
Published: 1967
Superior document: A concise descriptive catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the Salar Jung Museum and Library 4
1355
Published: 1997
Superior document: A concise descriptive catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the Salar Jung Museum and Library 9
1356
Other Authors:
“...ʿAbbāsī, Muḥammad...”
1357
Published: 1394
Superior document: Ǧāmiʿ at-tawārīẖ 4
1358
Published: 1966
Superior document: A concise descriptive catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the Salar Jung Museum and Library 2
1359
Published: 1951/52, [1330]
Superior document: Luġat-nāma 19
1360
Published: 1394
Superior document: Ǧāmiʿ at-tawārīẖ 2