Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1221
Published: 1967
Superior document: Tārīḫ Ibn-al-Furāt 4,1
1222
1223
Published: 1969
Superior document: Tārīḫ Ibn-al-Furāt 4,2
1224
Published: 1978
Superior document: Freiburger Islamstudien 6
1225
1226
Published: 1973;, 1973
Superior document: Études arabes, médiévales et modernes ; 97
1227
Published: 1969
Superior document: A course in Baluchi 1
1228
Published: 1966
Superior document: Aburejchan Biruni 973 - 1048 ; izbrannye proizvedenija 3
1229
Published: 1382h.š., [2003/2004]
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i intišārāt-i adabī wa tārīḫī-i Mauqūfāt-i Duktur Maḥmūd Afšār Yazdī 91
1230
Published: 2002
1231
1232
Published: 1987
Superior document: Aburejchan Biruni 973 - 1048 ; izbrannye proizvedenija 7
1233
Published: 1976
Superior document: Aburejchan Biruni 973 - 1048 ; izbrannye proizvedenija 5, 2
1234
Published: 1963
Superior document: Izbrannye proizvedenija 2
1235
Published: 1973
Superior document: Aburejchan Biruni 973 - 1048 ; izbrannye proizvedenija 5, 1
1236
Published: 1957
Superior document: Aburejchan Biruni 973 - 1048 ; izbrannye proizvedenija 1
1237
Published: 2005
1238
Published: 1975
Superior document: Izbrannye proizvedenija 6
1239
1240
Published: [2020]
Superior document: Islamic translation series ; 14/1