Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1141
Published: 1382/2004
Superior document: Az rūzgār-i rafta ḥikāyat = A tale of bygone days : from the journals of Mohammad Vali Mirza Farman Farmaian Kitāb 2
1142
Published: 1382/2004
Superior document: Az rūzgār-i rafta ḥikāyat = A tale of bygone days : from the journals of Mohammad Vali Mirza Farman Farmaian Kitāb 1
1143
1144
Published: Mārs, 2007
Publisher: Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Fārsī, Rāyzanī-i Farhangī-i Ǧumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Īrān
1145
Published: 2005
Superior document: Persika 5
1146
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1148
1149
Published: 1374, =, 1995/96
Superior document: Dārāb-nāma-i Ṭarsūsī riwāyat-i Abū-Ṭāhir Muḥammad Ibn-Ḥasan Ibn-ʿAlī Ibn-Mūsā aṭ-Ṭarsūsī (qarn-i šašum-i hiǧrī) Ǧild-i 2
1150
Published: 1980
Superior document: The Muqaddimah an introduction to history ; in three volumes 3
1151
Published: 1997
Superior document: An Arabic history of Gujarat Zafar ul-wālih bi Muẓaffar wa ālih 1
1152
Published: 1342, [1963/64]
Superior document: Dar pīrāmūn-i Tārīẖ-i Baihaqī šāmil-i āṯār-i gumšuda-i Abu-'l-Fadl Baihaqī wa tārīẖ-i Ġaznawīyān 1
1153
Published: 1376, [1997/98]
Superior document: Tārīḫ-i Baihaqī bar asās-i nusḫa-i "Ġanī - Faiyāḍ" wa nusḫa-i "Adīb Pīšāwarī" wa nusḫa-i "Duktur Faiyāḍ" 2
1154
Published: 1332, [1953/54]
Superior document: Tārīẖ-i Masʿūdī, maʿrūf bih Tārīẖ-i Baihaqī 3
1155
Published: 2003
Superior document: Enthalten in Monatshefte für Chemie Wien [u.a.], 2003 134 (2003), S. [475] - 487
1156
1157
Published: [1994], =, 1373, h.š.
Publisher: بنياد موقوفات دكتر محمود افشار يزدى / Bunyād-i Mauqūfāt-i Duktur Maḥmūd Afšār Yazdī
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i intišārāt-i adabī wa tārīḫī-i Mauqūfāt-i Duktur Maḥmūd Afšār Yazdī 54
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1160
Published: 1921
Superior document: