Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
1081
1082
1083
Published: 1353, [=1974]
Publisher: مطبعة فردین / Maṭbaʿat Fardīn
Superior document: Kitāb Tatimmat al-yatīma al-Ǧuzʾ 2
1084
Published: 1981
Superior document: History of the rise of the Mahomedan power in India till the year A. D. 1612 ; to which is added, an account of the conquest by the kings of Hydrabad, of those parts of the Madras provinces denominated the ceded districts and northern circars 2
1085
1086
Published: 1385/2006
Superior document: Mīrāṯ-i maktūb 144
1087
1088
Published: 1372, [hiǧra, šamsī]/[1993/94]
1089
Published: 2004
Superior document: Islamic history and civilization 53
1090
Published: 1997
Superior document: History of the rise of the Mohamedan power in India till the year A.D. 1612 ; to which is added an account of the conquest by the kings of Hydrabad of those parts of the Madras provinces denominated the Ceded Districts and Northern Circars Vol. 1/2
1091
Published: 1989
Superior document: Šaraf-nama-ji šachi (kniga šachskoj slavy) ; faksimile rukopisi D 88 2
1092
Published: 2017.
Superior document: Mamluk Studies, Volume 14
1093
Published: 1949
Superior document: İstanbul Üniversitesi yayınlarından 395
1094
Published: 1852.
Superior document: Middle East and Islamic Studies - Book Archive pre-2000
1095
Published: 1333, [=1954]
Superior document: E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series : N.S 2
1096
Published: 1921
Superior document: E. J. W. Gibb memorial series N.S., 2
1097
Published: [1338, =, 1959/60]
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Dānišgāh-i Tihrān 554
1098
1099
Published: 2016
Superior document: Ismaili texts and translations series 22
1100
Published: 2021;, 2021
Superior document: Ismaili texts and translations series 25