Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
861
Published: 1379, [2000/01]
Superior document: Taǧārib al-umam 3
862
Published: [1966], =, 1345, h.š.
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān 5
863
864
865
Published: 1990
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 23
866
Published: 1987
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 2
867
Published: 1985
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 27
868
Published: 1993
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 11
869
Published: 1989
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 20
870
Published: [1979]
Superior document: Tārīḫ aṭ-Ṭabarī tārīḫ ar-rusul wa-l-mulūk al-Ǧuzʾ 9
871
Published: 1985
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 38
872
Published: 1362, [=1983]
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i mutūn wa asnād-i tārīhī 14
873
Published: 1985-
874
Published: 1365, h.š., [1986/87]
Superior document: Dīwān-i Ṣāʾib Tabrīzī Ǧild-i 2.
875
Published: 1342, h.š., [1963]
876
Published: pāʾīz, 1371h.š, 1993
Publisher: كتابخانۀ گنج دانش / Kitābḫāna-i Ganǧ-i Dāniš
877
Published: 1990
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 15
878
Published: 1989
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 26
879
Published: 1987
Superior document: The history of al-Tabarī an annotated translation 32
880