Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
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Published: [2022]
Superior document: Einführung in die islamische Theologie 3
722
Published: [1986], =, 1365, h.š.
723
Published: 1362, [hiǧra, šamsī], , [1983]
Publisher: انتشارات اساطير / Intišārāt-i Asāṭir
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i tārīḫ-i Īrān 7
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Published: [um, 1975]
725
Published: 1982
Superior document: Tahḏīb al-aṯār wa-tafṣīl aṯ-ṯābit ʿan rasūl allāh min al-aḫbār [1] : Sifr 2
726
Published: 1982
Superior document: Tahḏīb al-aṯār wa-tafṣīl aṯ-ṯābit ʿan rasūl allāh min al-aḫbār 4
727
Published: 1983
Superior document: Tahḏīb al-aṯār wa-tafṣīl aṯ-ṯābit ʿan rasūl allāh min al-aḫbār 2 : Sifr 1
728
Published: 1982
Superior document: Tahḏīb al-aṯār wa-tafṣīl aṯ-ṯābit ʿan rasūl allāh min al-aḫbār [1] : Sifr 1
729
Published: [2019]
730
731
Published: [2015]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter New York University Press Complete eBook-Package 2014-2015
732
Published: [2013]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter New York University Press Backlist eBook-Package 2000-2013
733
Published: [2010]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Gorgias Press Backlist eBook-Package 2001-2013
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
734
Published: [2010]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Gorgias Press Backlist eBook-Package 2001-2013
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
735
Published: [2010]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Gorgias Press Backlist eBook-Package 2001-2013
736
Published: [2012]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Gorgias Press Backlist eBook-Package 2001-2013
737
Published: 1999
Superior document: Firdaws al-iqbāl history of Khorezm
738
Published: [2011]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Classics and Near East Studies <1990
739
Published: [1961]
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