Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
621
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Handbook of oriental studies. Section One, The Near and Middle East volume 171
622
623
Published: 1992/93[1371]
Superior document: Tarīẖ-i muẖtaṣar-i aḥzāb-i sīyāsī-i Īrān inqirāḍ-i qāǧārīya 2
624
Published: [2019]
625
626
Published: 1388, h.š., [2009]
Publisher: انتشارات زوار / Intišārāt-i Zawwār
Superior document: Sabk-šināsī yā tārīḫ-i taṭawwur-i naṯr-i fārsī barāy-i tadrīs dar danīškada wa daura-i dukturī-i adabīyāt Ǧild-i 1
627
Published: 1387, [2008]
Superior document: Dar tarāzū-i naqd 1
628
Published: 1962, 1341, h.š.
Superior document: Dīwān-i Saif-ad-Dīn Muḥammad Farġānī Ǧild-i 1.
629
Published: 1996, 1375, h.š.
Publisher: نشر سایه [و غیره] / Našr-i Sāya
Superior document: Mīrāṯ-i maktūb / Zabān wa adabīyāt-i fārsī 2
630
631
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Einführung in die islamische Theologie 3
632
Published: [1986], =, 1365, h.š.
633
634
Published: 1403h, 1983
Publisher: تهامة / Tihāma
Superior document: Muʿǧam al-lahǧa al-maḥallīya li-minṭaqat Ǧāzān al-Ğuz 1.
635
Published: [1998]
Superior document: Yemen translation series #2
636
Published: 1379/2000
Superior document: Mirāṯ-i maktūb 88
637
638
Published: 1376h.š, =, 1997
Superior document: Bunyānguḏārān-i farhang-i imrūz 29
639
Published: bahār, 1372, 1993
Publisher: انتشارات سخن / Intišārāt-i Suḫan
Superior document: Az mīrāṯ-i adab-i fārsī 6
640
Published: 1966, =, [1345, hiǧra, šamsī]