Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
501
Published: [2011]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Classics and Near East Studies 2000 - 2014
502
Published: [2016]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter NYUP / FUP eBook-Package 2016
503
Published: 1960
504
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter ISEAS Complete eBook-Package 2023
505
Published: 1889
Superior document: Publications de l'ecole des langues orientales vivantes 3e Serie, Vol. 3
506
Published: 1888
Superior document: Publications de l'Ecole des langues orientales vivantes 3e Serie, Vol. 2
507
Farhang-i maǧmaʿ al-Furs / Muḥammad Qāsim Ibn-Muḥammad Kāšānī Surūrī. [Hrsg.:] Muḥammad Bāqir Siyāqī
Published: 19XX-
508
Published: 1340, [1961]
Superior document: Farhang-i maǧmaʿ al-Furs Ǧild-i 2
509
Published: 1341, h.š., [1962]
Superior document: Farhang-i maǧmaʿ al-Furs Ǧild-i 3
510
Published: [Ohne, Jahresangabe]
Superior document: al-Adab aš-šaʿbī fi l-ǧanūb 2
511
Published: [2019]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Ebook Package English 2020
512
Published: 1987
513
514
Published: 1362, [=1984]
515
516
517
Published: 1375, [=1996]
Superior document: Afġānistān dar masīr-i tārīḫ = Afghanistan in the course of history Ǧild 1
518
519
520
Published: 1986
Superior document: Persische Geschichte 1694 - 1835 erlebt, erinnert und erfunden das "Rustam at-tawārī̮h" in deutscher Bearbeitung 2