Karl Marx
![Marx in 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Karl_Marx_001_%28rotated%29.jpg)
Born in Trier in the Kingdom of Prussia, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Jena, and received a doctorate in philosophy from the latter in 1841. A Young Hegelian, he was influenced by the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as ''The German Ideology'' (written 1846) and the ''Grundrisse'' (written 1857–1858). While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts'' and met Engels, who became his closest friend and collaborator. After moving to Brussels in 1845, they were active in the Communist League, and in 1848 wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', which expresses Marx's ideas and lays out a programme for revolution. Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'' (1852) and . From 1864, Marx was involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), in which he fought the influence of anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his ''Critique of the Gotha Programme'' (1875), Marx wrote on revolution, the state and the transition to communism. He died stateless in 1883 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
Marx's critiques of history, society and political economy hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages. Employing his historical materialist approach, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that these tensions would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers. Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised. Marxism has exerted major influence on socialist thought and political movements, and during the 20th century revolutionary governments identifying as Marxist took power in many countries and established socialist states including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Theoretical variants such as Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, and Maoism have been developed. Marx's work in economics has had a strong influence on modern heterodox theories of labour and capital, and he is often cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science. Provided by Wikipedia
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Published: 1953
Superior document: Bücherei des Marxismus-Leninismus 41
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Die Revolution von 1848 : Auswahl aus der "Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung" / Karl Marx ; Friedrich Engels
Published: 1949
Superior document: Bücherei des Marxismus-Leninismus 8
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Published: [2013]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Gorgias Press Backlist eBook-Package 2001-2013
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Other Authors:
“...Marx, Karl...”
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Published: 1954
Superior document: Zur deutschen Geschichte aus Werken, Schriften, Briefen ; in drei Bänden 2
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Published: 1953
Superior document: Zur deutschen Geschichte aus Werken, Schriften, Briefen ; in drei Bänden 1
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Neue Rheinische Zeitung : politische-ökonomische Revue / red. von Karl Marx. Eingel. von Karl Bittel
Other Authors:
“...Marx, Karl 1818-1883...”
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Published: 1986
Superior document: Acta Universitatis Carolinae : Philosophica et historica 1983,5
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Published: 1968
Superior document: Über Kunst und Literatur in zwei Bänden 2
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Published: 1967
Superior document: Über Kunst und Literatur in zwei Bänden 1
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Published: [2015]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Philosophy 1990 - 1999
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Published: 1966
Superior document: Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels Studienausgabe in 4 Bänden 2
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Published: [2018]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2018 Part 1
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Published: 1958
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Published: [2015]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Social Sciences 2000 - 2014
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Published: [2021]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Linguistics and Semiotics - <1990
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Published: [2005]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Edinburgh University Press Backlist eBook-Package 2013-2000
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Published: [2019]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter University of Toronto Press eBook-Package Archive 1933-1999
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