Lochner v. New York
![Rufus Peckham](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Rufus_W._Peckham_cph.3b30513.jpg)
The underlying case began in 1899 when Joseph Lochner, a German immigrant who owned a bakery in Utica, New York, was charged with violating New York's Bakeshop Act of 1895. The Bakeshop Act had made it a crime for New York bakeries to employ bakers for more than 10 hours per day or 60 hours per week. He was convicted and ultimately appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. A five-justice majority of the Supreme Court held that the law violated the Due Process Clause, stating that the law constituted an "unreasonable, unnecessary and arbitrary interference with the right and liberty of the individual to contract". Four dissenting justices rejected that view, and the dissent of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., in particular, became one of the most famous opinions in U.S. history.
''Lochner'' is one of the most controversial decisions in the Supreme Court's history and gave the name to what is known as the ''Lochner'' era. During that time, the Supreme Court issued several decisions invalidating federal and state statutes that sought to regulate working conditions during the Progressive Era and the Great Depression. The period ended with ''West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish'' (1937), in which the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of minimum wage legislation enacted by Washington State. Provided by Wikipedia
21
22
23
Published: 1984
Superior document: Sonderdruck aus Jahrbuch des oberösterr. Musealvereins ; 129 (1984)
24
25
Published: 2012
26
Published: 2004
Superior document: Enthalten in Wiener Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik ; hrsg. von Wolfram Hörandner ... Wien, 2004 S. [177] - 189 Byzantina et Neograeca Vindobonensia ; 24
27
28
Published: 2010-
Access note: Frei zugänglich
29
30
31
Published: 1976
Superior document: Publikationen aus dem Archiv der Universität Graz 5
32
Published: 2012
Superior document: Working paper der Forschungsgruppe des Bundesamtes 42
Links: Volltext
Access note: Frei zugänglich
33
Published: 1986
Superior document: Sonderdruck aus Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsmuseums Schloß Trautenfels am Steiermärkischen Landesmuseum Joanneum ; Band 3
34
35
Published: 1736
36
Published: 1960
Superior document: Arbeiten aus dem Institut für Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft 6
37
38
Published: 1989
Superior document: Sonderdruck aus Indogermanica Europaea
39
Published: [1988]
Superior document: Sonderdruck aus Die Kultur der Kelten ; Band 1
40