Jacob
Jacob (; |Yaʿăqōḇ}}; ; ), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a patriarch of the Israelites and is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Jacob first appears in the Book of Genesis, originating from the Hebrew tradition in the Torah. Described as the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the grandson of Abraham, Sarah, and Bethuel, Jacob is presented as the second-born among Isaac's children. His fraternal twin brother is the elder, named Esau, according to the biblical account. Jacob is said to have bought Esau's birthright and, with his mother's help, deceived his aging father to bless him instead of Esau. Later in the narrative, following a severe drought in his homeland of Canaan, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son Joseph (who had become a confidant of the pharaoh), moved to Egypt where Jacob died at the age of 147. He is supposed to have been buried in the Cave of Machpelah.Jacob had twelve sons through four women: his wives (and cousins), Leah and Rachel, and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah. His sons were, in order of their birth: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin, all of whom became the heads of their own family groups, later known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He also had a daughter named Dinah. According to Genesis, Jacob displayed favoritism among his wives and children, preferring Rachel and her sons, Joseph and Benjamin, causing tension within the family—culminating in Joseph's older brothers selling him into slavery.
Scholars have taken a mixed view as to Jacob's historicity, with archaeology so far producing no evidence for his existence. William Albright initially dated the narratives of Jacob to the 19th century BCE, but later scholars like John J. Bimson and Nahum Sarna argued against using archaeological evidence to support such claims due to limited knowledge of that period. Recent scholars such as Thomas L. Thompson and William Dever suggest that these narratives are late literary compositions with ideological purposes rather than historical accounts.
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1581
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1582
Published: 1996
Superior document: Kalapodi Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen im Heiligtum der Artemis und des Apollon von Hyampolis in der antiken Phokis 1
1583
Published: 1986
Superior document: Göttinger Universitätsreden 76
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1584
Published: 1777
Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen septimum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen decimum
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Published: 1777
Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen sextum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen duodecimum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen nonum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen secundum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen quintum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen undecimum
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Superior document: Plvtarchi Chaeronensis, Qvae Svpersvnt, Omnia Graece et Latine volumen primum
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1600
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Superior document: Deutsches Wörterbuch 22 = Bd. 11, Abt. 1, Teil 2