Jacob
![Detail from ''Jacob Seeking the Forgiveness of Esau'' (1652), by [[Jan Victors]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Jan_Victors_-_Jacob_Seeking_the_Forgiveness_of_Esau_-_79.330_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Jacob had twelve sons through four women: his wives (and cousins), Leah and Rachel, and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah. His sons were, in order of their birth: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin, all of whom became the heads of their own family groups, later known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel. He also had a daughter named Dinah. According to Genesis, Jacob displayed favoritism among his wives and children, preferring Rachel and her sons, Joseph and Benjamin, causing tension within the family—culminating in Joseph's older brothers selling him into slavery.
Scholars have taken a mixed view as to Jacob's historicity, with archaeology so far producing no evidence for his existence. William Albright initially dated the narratives of Jacob to the 19th century BCE, but later scholars like John J. Bimson and Nahum Sarna argued against using archaeological evidence to support such claims due to limited knowledge of that period. Recent scholars such as Thomas L. Thompson and William Dever suggest that these narratives are late literary compositions with ideological purposes rather than historical accounts.
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Published: [1912]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter CUP eBook Package Archive 1898-1999 (pre Pub)
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Published: [1939]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter CUP eBook Package Archive 1898-1999 (pre Pub)
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Published: 2009
Superior document: University of Southern Denmark classical studies 22
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Published: 1944
Superior document: Circular / University of California, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station 360
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Published: 1966
Superior document: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N.S.,56,1
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Published: 1961
Superior document: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N.S.,51,1
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Published: 1947
Superior document: Circular / California Agricultural Extension Service 116