Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Born in 1770 in Stuttgart, Holy Roman Empire, during the transitional period between the Enlightenment and the Romantic movement in the Germanic regions of Europe, Hegel lived through and was influenced by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. His fame rests chiefly upon ''The Phenomenology of Spirit'', ''The Science of Logic'', his teleological account of history, and his lectures at the University of Berlin on topics from his ''Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences''.
Throughout his work, Hegel strove to address and correct the problematic dualisms of modern philosophy, Kantian and otherwise, typically by drawing upon the resources of ancient philosophy, particularly Aristotle. Hegel everywhere insists that reason and freedom are historical achievements, not natural givens. His dialectical-speculative procedure is grounded in the principle of immanence, that is, in assessing claims always according to their own internal criteria. Taking skepticism seriously, he contends that people cannot presume any truths that have not passed the test of experience; even the ''a priori'' categories of the ''Logic'' must attain their "verification" in the natural world and the historical accomplishments of humankind.
Guided by the Delphic imperative to "know thyself", Hegel presents free self-determination as the essence of humankind – a conclusion from his 1806–07 ''Phenomenology'' that he claims is further verified by the systematic account of the interdependence of logic, nature, and spirit in his later ''Encyclopedia''. He asserts that the ''Logic'' at once preserves and overcomes the dualisms of the material and the mental – that is, it accounts for both the continuity and difference marking the domains of nature and culture – as a metaphysically necessary and coherent "identity of identity and non-identity".
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Published: 1952
Superior document: Philosophische Bibliothek 114
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Published: 1368, h.š., [1989]
Publisher: شركت سهامي انتشارات خوارزمي / Širkat-i Sihāmī-i Intišārāt-i Ḫwārizmī
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Published: [2015];, [1969]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Literary and Cultural Studies - <1990
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