Ali
Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration () to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the Ghadir Khumm, "Whoever I am his , this Ali is his ." The interpretation of the polysemous Arabic word is disputed: For Shia Muslims, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while Sunni Muslims view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr () as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar (). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman (), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies.
Following Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad, and his widow Aisha captured Basra in Iraq but were defeated by Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656. Elsewhere, Mu'awiya, whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of Syria, fought against Ali the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the Kharijites, who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate.
Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the () caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first imam, that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia Muslim culture. The shrine of Ali in Najaf, Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is . Provided by Wikipedia
1461
Published: 1365h.š, [1986/1987]
Publisher: مؤسسۀ انتشارات امیر کبیر / Muʾassasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr
1463
Published: 2018
Superior document: UCL Qatar Series in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
1464
Published: 2536, [1977]
Superior document: Ǧidāl-i nūr wa ẓulmat mabānī-i farhang-i millī Ǧild 1
1465
Other Authors:
“...Imran, Muhammad Ali...”
1466
Published: [1995], =, 1374, h.š.
Publisher: نشر آروین / Našr-i Ārwīn
1467
Published: 2022.
1468
Other Authors:
“...Küden, Ali,...”
1469
Other Authors:
“...Ḫibrazāda, ʿAlī Aṣġar 1924-2009...”
1470
Published: 1330, h.š., 1951
Publisher: Bungāh-i Maṭbūʿātī-i Nāqūs
1471
1472
Other Authors:
“...Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali,...”
1473
Published: 1372h.š., [1993]
1474
Published: 1965
1475
Other Authors:
“...Dānishgāh-i Bū ʻAlī Sīnā,...”
1476
Published: 1357, [1978]
Publisher: سازمان انتشارات جاویدان / Sāzmān-i Intišārāt-i Ǧāwīdān
Superior document: Maǧmūʿa-i niwištahā-i Saiyid Muḥammad ʿAlī Ǧamāl-zada 15
1477
Published: [2008]
Superior document: Bold visions in educational research ; Volume 26
1478
Published: 2021
1479
Published: 2022
1480
Fihrist-i nusaẖ-i ẖaṭṭī-i fārsī-i Instītū-i Āṯār-i Haṭṭī-i Tāǧīkistān / zīr-i naẓar: ʿAlī Mūǧānī ...