Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib (; }}) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from to 661, as well as the first Shia imam. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings.Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration () to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the Ghadir Khumm, "Whoever I am his , this Ali is his ." The interpretation of the polysemous Arabic word is disputed: For Shia Muslims, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while Sunni Muslims view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr () as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar (). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman (), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies.
Following Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad, and his widow Aisha captured Basra in Iraq but were defeated by Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656. Elsewhere, Mu'awiya, whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of Syria, fought against Ali the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the Kharijites, who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate.
Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the () caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first imam, that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia Muslim culture. The shrine of Ali in Najaf, Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is . Provided by Wikipedia
2121
Published: [2019]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus eBook-Package 2019
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2122
Published: [2011]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Asian Studies Backlist (2000-2014) eBook Package
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2123
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Lynne Rienner Press Complete eBook-Package 2013-2000
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2124
Published: c2013.
Superior document: Imagination and praxis: Criticality and creativity in education and educational research ; v. 1
2125
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Lynne Rienner Press Complete Archive eBook-Package Pre-2000
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2126
Published: [2017]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2017 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2127
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2022 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2128
Emerging Contaminants : : Remediation Technologies / / ed. by Jeyaseelan Aravind, Murugesan Kamaraj.
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2022 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2129
Published: [2018]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus eBook-Package 2019
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2130
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2022 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2131
Published: [2021]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Ebook Package English 2021
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2132
Published: [2015]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter University of Pennsylvania Press Package Archive 1898-1999
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2133
Published: [2024]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2024 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2134
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2023 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2135
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2023 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2136
Published: [2022]
2137
Published: [2011]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Linguistics and Semiotics 1990 - 1999
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2138
Published: [2021]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Penn State University Press Complete eBook-Package Pre-2014
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2139
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Physical Sciences <1990
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover
2140
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2023 Part 1
Links: Get full text; Get full text; Cover