Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib (; }}) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from to 661, as well as the first Shia imam. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad, young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings.Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration () to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the Ghadir Khumm, "Whoever I am his , this Ali is his ." The interpretation of the polysemous Arabic word is disputed: For Shia Muslims, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while Sunni Muslims view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr () as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar (). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman (), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies.
Following Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad, and his widow Aisha captured Basra in Iraq but were defeated by Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656. Elsewhere, Mu'awiya, whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of Syria, fought against Ali the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the Kharijites, who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate.
Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the () caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first imam, that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia Muslim culture. The shrine of Ali in Najaf, Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is . Provided by Wikipedia
2001
Published: [2018]
Superior document: Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Series Archaeologica ; 40
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“...Mehmet-Ali Ataç --...”
2002
Published: [2010]
2003
Published: [2009]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter MultiLingual Matters Backlist eBook-Package 2000-2013
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2004
Published: [2020]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Ebook Package English 2021
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2005
Published: [2021]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter University of Texas Press Complete eBook-Package 2014-2015
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2006
Published: [2020]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Ebook Package English 2020
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2007
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus PP Package 2022 Part 2
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2008
Published: [2016]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DGBA Backlist Business and Economics 2000-2014 (EN)
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2009
Published: [2023]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Amsterdam University Press Complete eBook-Package 2023
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2010
Published: [2008]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Rutgers University Press Backlist eBook-Package 2000-2013
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2011
“...Annabelle Daburon, Véronique Alary, Ahmed Ali, Mohammad El-Srogi, Jean-François Tourrand ;...”
2012
Published: [2014]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter CVP eBook-Package Backfile 2000-2013
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2013
Published: [2021]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter University of Texas Press Complete eBook-Package 2018
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2014
Published: [2017]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter University of Toronto Press eBook-Package Backlist 2000-2013
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2015
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter Amsterdam University Press Complete eBook-Package 2022
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2016
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Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus eBook-Package 2019
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2017
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2018
Published: [2017]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter EBOOK PACKAGE COMPLETE 2017
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2019
Published: [2022]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter DG Plus DeG Package 2022 Part 1
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2020
Published: 2023.
Superior document: Islamic History and Civilization ; 201