Comparison of electron microscopy with optical microscopy, magnification, resolution, Abbe's theory, wave length of electrons Electron source, thermionic emission, lenses, aberrations of optical and electron lenses Resolution, origin of the contrast in amorphous specimens Contrast of crystalline specimens Principles and the working of an electron microscope, condensor and imaging lenses Basics of electron diffraction, Bragg's equation, reciprocal space, the Ewald sphere, geometry of spot patterns Diffraction techniques, ring patterns, spot patterns, Kikuchi lines Evaluation of the diagrams, ambiguity of indexing Trace analysis, indexing of linear and planar lattice defects Measurement and evaluation of orientation correlations between adjacent crystallites, textures Specimen preparation techniques for transmission electron microscopy